What is a Battery Management System (BMS)?
A battery management system (BMS) is an electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery cell or battery pack and monitors its health. The primary function of a BMS to:
- Authenticate
- Protect the battery from operating outside its safe operating zone
- Monitor the voltage, current, and temp during operation
- Manage the SoC (State of Charge) and other variables during charging
- Control its environment (temp, pressure)
- Report these parameters to the central monitoring unit
Regardless of battery type (pouch or prismatic) or chemistry, a BMS is necessary to avoid catastrophic failure.
BMSs are offered in multiple topologies and sizes depending on use case.
- Centralized: Single controller for multiple batteries. This is economical but causes increased weight and cost due to wiring
- Distributed: A BMS for each cell. This is most expensive but easiest to install
- Modular: A few controllers for a finite number of cells
BMS configurations are highly dependent on application and are different for mobile and stand-alone applications.
- A BMS for EVs, industrial/military drones is a subsystem and tightly integrated to charging system, thermal and the communication sub-systems
- A BMS for an uninterrupted power supply (UPS) or Industrial tools is standalone
Applications
- Electric vehicles
- E-Bikes, E-Scooters
- Industrial / military drones
- Industrial tools (mowers, blowers)
- Uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
- Energy storage system (ESS)
- Autonomous vehicles for warehouse robotics, mining, underwater, etc.)